A Report on Akbar Padamsee Essays

A Report on Akbar Padamsee Essays A Report on Akbar Padamsee Paper A Report on Akbar Padamsee Paper Akbar Padamsee: Thinking through Art A Report Santa Glaundia Akbar Padamsee: Thinking through Art July 2013 Though careful in his strategy, ace colourist Akbar Padamsees drawings and works of art throb with pounding vitality. This is a craftsman whose work ranges from the figure to non-figuration; for Padamsee it not the order of his work which is significant, yet rather its associations with structure, volume, space, time, and shading. He is intensely mindful of each brush stroke; the procedure of creation is one of examination and explanation of considerations and thoughts. The fundamental aim of craftsmanship for him is the enquiry, a perspective, a method of coordinating himself. Padamsees spearheading soul has permitted him to explore different avenues regarding a wide scope of mediums: the range of the customary ones to his ongoing trials with photography and computerized printmaking. Whatever his picked medium, the craftsman passes on an order over space, structure and shading. Despite the fact that he is most popular as a painter, Padamsee has explored different avenues regarding film-production, figure, and composing as a workmanship pundit also. His conventional instruction was in the expressive arts Padamsee moved on from the Sir J. J. School of Art in 1940, with a confirmation in painting and arrangement of figure classes behind him. An ex-educator from the school depicts him as a refined scholarly, standoffish from the typical hurly-brawny of the school, indicating an uncommon reality and ability to read a compass craftsman. The most recognizable works from his broad oeuvre are the metascapes and mirror metascapes are an advancement from scenes. As the prominent pundit watches, An arousing instantaneousness and everlasting remoteness, these structure the persuasive contradictions in Akbars way to deal with nature; the combination and contact, the nterpenetrating vitality of the normal components conversely with their entranced look. It is a fascinating contrast, however there is no chaperon riddle. Akbars scenes are not baffling. On the off chance that they here and there show up in this way, it is on the grounds that conflicting perspectives have been combined. l The perfect representations show his anxiety with the duality of presence, of structure and space. He accepts that articulation must contain its persuasive inverse, the cognizant and the oblivious on a similar physic plane 2 The fgure is dealt with not as an individual, not even in the heads here the relationship with representation is significantly more grounded. Padamsees structures limited by the line and made from a gathering of strokes on a superficial level are both genuine and otherworldly. His examinations with the Chinese strategy for ku fu have likewise loaned his figures a coordinated effortlessness. The structures convey an outflow of inexpressible trouble. He likewise fiddled with still-life. The still-life works from the 1950s contain certain largeness of surface and convey a feeling of destruction. The main event when he has taken care of representations of known individuals, was in 1997, with his Gandhi arrangement of takes a shot at paper in atercolour and charcoal. Among a few shows he has had significant reviews in Mumbai and New Delhi in 1980. He has partaken in the shows, Seven Indian Painters, Gallery One, London in 1958lntemational Biennales at Venice; Sao Paulo and Tokyo; Museum of Modem Art, Oxford, 198 1; Royal 2 Geeta Kapur, Six Contemporary Artists, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1978. P 106 A. Padamsee, as advised to Meher PestonJi; Mirror-Images Pundole EXC. 21 Nov-9 Dec 1994 Academy of Arts, Festival of India, London 1982;lndian Artists in France, Paris 1985 among others. In 1967 he was welcomed as Artist-in Residence by the Stout State University, Wisconsin, USA. When asked by a journalist how the distinctive medias have helped him in his work and his general character, he answers, l have for a long while been itching to learn new things. Through chiseling, I figured out how to deal with dirt and utilize my fingers as much as my eyes. perspective. I began photography as I couldnt discover models for works of art at J] School of Art and got hold of an operator who discovered me film additional items. At first, I utilized their photos for drawings however then step by step began getting a charge out of photography. I figured out how the human ody could be changed with the manner in which you work with light. Today when I paint a naked, it causes me take an alternate measurement. 3 REFERENCES 1 . Tuli, Neville. The Flamed-Mosaic: Indian Contemporary Painting. Ahemdabad: HEART in relationship with Mapin Publishing Pvt. Ltd. , 1997 2. Contemporary Indian Art contemporaryindianart. com/akbar_padamsee. htm 3. Noontime Infomedia Limited early afternoon. com/news/2013/feb/170213-akbar-padamsee-craftsman artworks. htm 4. Saffronart. com/specialists/a-padamsee 3 Interview by Rinky Kumar for Midday, February 7, 2013

Macbeth Witches Essays (1393 words) - Characters In Macbeth

Macbeth Witches In Macbeth, the witches appear to be confounding figures, they are depicted as dull, flighty, and oddly interesting animals. It doesn't appear that they have that quite a bit of a significance from the get-go, yet in the wake of completing the story and genuinely fathoming, we see that the witches have done a great deal. Through certain models, and unobtrusive signs showed in the story, we can securely reason that theweird sisters were explicitly intended to embed thoughts in Macbeth's mind, which later impact him by giving him a wide range of data that in the end influence his way of taking care of covetousness, blame, and different feelings that put him for all intents and purposes on the edge of rational soundness. We see that the witches show a sharp enthusiasm for Macbeth, explanations behind the intrigue aren't actually given, yet delineations of intrigue can be appeared. As Berryman recommends, the witches have ulterior thought processes in Macbeth. We see this through Berryman's model, which states that from the start, Macbeth is hailed as an extraordinary legend, yet in his coming, he is hailed by the pricking of a witch's thumb. Which fundamentally implies that he is welcomed on a kind of sign, not depicted as something that could be of a few great. Berryman raises the way that the witches realize that Macbeth will be awful, it isn't expressed now of the story why, yet it is simply ingrained that he is (321). This model shows the way that the witches don't have the job of Macbeth's guides, but instead as Macbeth's terrible impacts. Which is likewise upheld by Shwister in his line Their hunger for naughtiness is infinite(Shwister 60). Which discloses to us that the characteristic aim of the witches is to do underhanded, of which they can never be fulfilled, which is shown by the word boundless in the statement, and by then being normally inclined to detestable, they follow up on Macbeth in a negative sort of impact. Impact is once more delineated when we see that the Macbeth meets the witches just because. The witches wish to get total consideration from Macbeth, we see that they utilize shrewd methods for going about it. As Shwister states When the Witches let him know that he will be Thane of Cawdor, and afterward King, they feed the mystery dream he had imparted distinctly to his Lady(59). This statement shows the way that the witches realize what is Macbeth's dim want. By them realizing this we see the actuality that don't simply have some understanding into Macbeth's internal knowing, however we likewise get the way that they have an enthusiasm for Macbeth that can be appeared by them giving Macbeth data that would energize his extravagant. We can take a gander at the above explanation that Macbeth, in the wake of hearing this, starts to take on a change that Bloom wonderfully analyzes to the account of Dr. Jeckyll and Mr. Hyde. Guests as we may (or may not) be, we dread that Macbeth, out Mr. Hyde, has the ability to understand our own potential for dynamic abhorrent, poor Jeckyll in the end transforms into Mr. Hyde and can't get back; Shakespeare's craft is to recommend we could have such a fate(523). What this statement implies is that Macbeth, subsequent to hearing what the witches have let him know, has changed from the honest also, kind Dr. Jeckyll, into the underhanded Mr. Hyde. Additionally, the last piece of the statement states that Macbeth more than likely would not have the option to turn around and change his perspective. Macbeth has changed, change in a way that has left him in the domain among honesty and wickedness. De Quincey delineates what Macbeth has transformed into as a result of the thoughts embedded by the witches, in his section that states With Macbeth and Lady Macbeth we are caused to feel, by discourse and talk, that their human instinct, the nature of adoration and kindness, has evaporated, and the mischievous nature has taken it's place(167). In this quote De Quincey brings into light the possibility that Macbeth has changed, and put aside empathy and love, and supplanted it with fiendish. Berryman likewise concedes to this reality, by his express This is differently sparkled by the observers as Superhuman, subhuman, mischievous; yet the importance is clear, that there is a likelihood that the human Macbeth-the demonic(321). In his statement Berryman states that Macbeth has changed into the most malicious; devilish. By utilizing the word satanic, we get express and unadulterated malevolent, malicious without empathy, and malevolence without challenge. Malicious that can't by denied. Malicious is once more represented

Analytical Essay Format Samples

Analytical Essay Format SamplesAnalytical essay format samples are valuable for students who have already written a few essays. These samples are provided to students as guides that show how to write analytically. Students can use these samples as a starting point for writing a truly meaningful essay. Using analytic essay format samples gives students the ability to read an essay and determine if it is one that will interest them and if it's the type of writing they enjoy reading.Students who have experienced writing effective essays will quickly understand the value of having access to these sample essays. They will learn that analytic essays can be used to enhance the essay format and to help them improve their overall level of writing. Students will be able to choose a topic and write about it in a way that helps to spark an interest and understanding from their audience.The essay format samples offered by APS will help the student to make a few choices for their essay. The first step to writing a successful essay is deciding what topic the essay will cover. Students should consider different options in terms of topics such as one specific subject or several different subjects.Once students have decided on the topic, they will need to narrow down the variety of topics that they are going to cover. The number of topics will depend on the student's writing abilities and academic background. Once students are comfortable with the topics that they plan to cover, they will be ready to dive into the data that is presented in the essay.Analytical essay format samples provide students with a tool to review past work by other writers. There are no shortage of good examples of this type of writing. Since so many examples exist, there are also plenty of ways to judge whether or not a particular writing style is effective for you.If you've ever worked with a certain type of writer whowas known for presenting so much such information, then you know how important it is to familiarize yourself with such writing. You may even feel comfortable with the style of writing that is used by those writers. When you feel that comfortable with the style of writing, then it will be easier for you to write analytically in your own style.So, if you find that analytical essay format samples are not enough to give you all the information you need to write a truly effective essay, then you will want to look at using sample essays from other sources. You will be able to use these examples to help you decide on a topic for your own essay. In addition, you will have access to more information to help you with choosing the best format for your writing.

The Hebrew Diaspora - 998 Words

The Jews faced a long history of persecution and racism. Envy, greed, and thirst for power caused groups such as the Assyrians, Babylonians, and Romans (to name a few) to persecute, exile, and threaten the existence of the Hebrew community. The Diaspora was definitely not a single event taking place over the course of one night, it was rather a series of dispersals by varying groups of people continuing up to the present time. The Diaspora resulted in the spread of the Hebrew population along with their culture and beliefs, which ultimately strengthened the Hebrew community. The Hebrew Diaspora was a forced movement of Hebrews as a direct result of racial prejudice and anti-Semitic movements, ultimately resulting in the spread of the†¦show more content†¦This occurred to concentrate the various skills of the Jewish in separate arenas and to use these individually skilled communities for the benefit of the Babylonians. For example, as previously mentioned the most skilled and elite Jews were dispersed to Babylon—the heart of the Babylonian empire. Thus, the better trained and more adept a Jew was, the more opportunity the Jew had to serve for empire in higher ranks solely to meet the needs of the empire and its rulers. This helped the empires exiling the Jews to prosper, but unfortunately created rifts and gaps within the Hebrew community. This pattern of dispersion, which was developed by the Babylonians and used by the Romans to scatter the Jews, allowed for these dominant empires to prosper, however, limited the interaction within the Hebrew community and resulted in the diminishing originality and novelty of the skilled Jews. Despite the use of the uniform dispersion pattern based on the occupations of the Jews, the reason why Jews were exiled and dispersed varied depending on the imposing empire of the time, which performed these actions. The Hebrew Diaspora was caused by different factors depending on the group exiling the Hebrews. In other words, the reason for dispersing the Hebrews depended on the context of time, circumstance, and those carrying out the exile. The Assyrians and Babylonians dispersed the Hebrew community in the early sixth centuryShow MoreRelatedThe Study of Hebrew Diaspora1669 Words   |  7 Pagesclassic example of diaspora, the Hebrew Diaspora is studied and questioned by many. Both the causes of and the consequences of the Hebrew Diaspora are two aspects of the event that, for most, have yet to be sufficiently answered. Having occurred many centuries ago in the past, the causes and consequences of the diaspora may seem to be of no importance, yet at second glance, one realizes that addressing these topics may be the key to accurately determining the modern effects of diaspora in general. HoweverRead MoreSocial Implications and Consequences of the Hebrew Diaspora1576 Words   |  6 Pages The reason for consequences for the Hebrew diaspora vary in 3 different main points. The first main point is social implications or what does everyone think. The second main point is the consequences in the Hebrew diaspora and the last point is the benefits of the Hebrew diaspora. When I chose my question I had to choose something that was interesting to me. Now not too many things interest me but I was able to find something that helped. History has shown us a lot of things and also teaches aRead MoreFactors of the Jewish Dispersion715 Words   |  3 PagesThe destination of the Jewish dispersion varied especially based on the occupations of the Jews. The actual Diaspora really took place when thousands of Hebrew elites and craftsmen were deported and dispersed to Babylon. This occurred to concentrate the various skills of the Jewish in separate arenas and to use these individually skilled communities for the benefit of the Babylonians. For example, as previously mentioned the most skilled and elite Jews were dispersed to Babylon—the heart of the BabylonianRead MoreThe First Jewish Diaspora1490 Words   |  6 PagesThe word Diaspora in Greek means dispersion. The Jewish Diaspora had three main periods to it: the Babylonian exile, the Hellenistic disp ersion, and the Roman War (R. Sands, 1). The Jewish Diaspora began in 586 BCE when the Jews were deported from their motherland, Judea, as a result of shifts of power and war (R. Sands, 1). After this came the Hellenistic part of the Diaspora which was the voluntary movement of the Jews. In the Roman War, Jews were again forced to leave their homeland after theRead MoreThe Transformation Of Hebrews During Ancient Jewish900 Words   |  4 PagesThe Transformation of Hebrews during Ancient Jewish Throughout modern history, Judaism has been recognized as one of the most influential religions in Western Civilization. However, to reach the complexity and structure that Judaism has today, the Hebrews had to endure several periods and turning points in history. During the 1500 years after 1200 BCE, â€Å"numerous vast empires rose and fall around and over them (Hebrews)†, as they made their transformation into Jews (Pavlac, 45). During these phasesRead MoreJudaism : The Religious Life Of Israel1590 Words   |  7 Pagesasserts that both the The Torah, which is the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, and the Oral Torah, which is the interpretive Talmud are authoritative regarding observance and Jewish doctrine, instructing modern Orthodox Jews to maintain and support ancient Jewish law. The word Judaism derives from Judah, one of Jacob the patriarch’s, sons. The descendants of ten of Jacob s sons plus two of his grandsons made the two tribes of Hebrews who emigrated from Egypt. There are three main branches of JudaismRead MoreDiaspor Jews Amidst Greeks And Romans1463 Words   |  6 PagesDiaspora: Jews amidst Greeks and Romans by Erich S. Gruen describes Jewish life during the Diaspora and the positive things that emerged from the period. Erich Gruen was a full-time professor at University of California at Berkeley, Harvard University, University of Colorado at Boulder, and Cornell University. Gruen has also done immense research about the classic antiquity era and has penned several books about Hellenism, Judaism in the classic world, and the Roman Republic period. Jews are oftenRead MoreDr. Leon Pinsker s Life1609 Words   |  7 Pagesnot everybody speaks Hebrew. Religion is at the heart of our civilization. Additionally, he adds that we have Jewish art, we have philosophy and we have many more examples of what brings our civilization together . It is this shared past of history and mythology that brings us as a people together. An example would be our exodus from Egypt - this common theme brings us together at Passover. Additionally, we share an original language - Hebrew. Although we do not all speak Hebrew we know it is our spokenRead MoreThe Israelites Still Family After Generations1506 Words   |  7 PagesSources (J) as a derivative form the German language, and (E) the â€Å"Elohistic Source derived from the divine name Elohim, which means ‘god’ in Hebrew† (Carr Pg. 165). The mystery of this name was often considered so sacred or revered that it would be written only with the consonants YHWH. Most translations refer to this as YAHWEH or Lord, for which the Hebrew word is Adonai, a divine title generally substituted for YHWH when the Bible is read aloud (New Oxford Bible, pg. 2269). What is apparent isR ead MoreThe Siege Of Jerusalem And Post War Diaspora1380 Words   |  6 Pagespost war Diaspora directly influenced the Jewish communities in the modern era. The Jewish community got used to having no place to settle thus, the Diaspora was created. Thousands of the Jews in the Roman Empire, after the revolts and the destruction of the temple, were sent to toil in the Egyptian mines, and others were sent throughout the Roman Empire (Eyewitnesstohistory.com). That was the beginning of the diaspora that Jews would know today as life. There were a lot more Diasporas in Jewish

Postag197v1 And Buddy D. Therapist Dan - 939 Words

Bandito and Buddy-D Therapist Dan: â€Å"We’ve spoken a lot about Xavier and some about his mates. What about you and your mates. Don’t you reason that’s worth speaking about?† Me: â€Å"Sure. Where shall I start?† Therapist Dan: â€Å"With whomever you want.† Me: â€Å"Well, I met Bandito in my high school geometry class. I thought he appeared strange with his massive awkward looking metal braces and half a tongue. He looked like a Mexican Adam Sandler, but he had this contagious charm about him. He was outspokenly funny in class and I wanted to share that laughter with him. I wanted to be friends with Bandito, but I didn’t know how until Xavier, my best friend, invited me to hang with him and his new friend Buddy-D one Friday after school. Buddy-D was a larger than life kid physically (he weighed 400 lbs.) and was as sharp intellectually as a samurai sword. He sported wire framed nerdy eye glasses, his skin was a light brown and he wore a ponytail. He looked like a big fucking Samoan, okay. When I came over to his house with Xavier, I realized he was in my social studies class, so we were familiar with each other already. Therapist Dan: â€Å"I don’t mean to interrupt, but was Buddy-D your corpulent friend, the one you hung out with until 4:00 A.M. at Denny’s?† Me: â€Å"Yes, but that happened a long after I first met him. So he was hospitable, offered us drinks and even set up his PlayStation for us to play games on. Xavier and I got comfortable on the comfy couch while Buddy-D was busy talking onShow MoreRelatedPostag197v1 And Buddy D. Therapist Dan942 Words   |  4 PagesBandito and Buddy-D Therapist Dan: â€Å"We’ve talked a lot about Xavier and a little about his friends. What about you and your friends. Don’t you think that’s worth talking about?† Me: â€Å"Sure. Where should I start?† Therapist Dan: â€Å"With whomever you want.† Me: â€Å"Well, I first met Bandito in my high school geometry class. I thought he was strange looking with his huge clunky looking metallic braces, and half a tongue. He looked like a Mexican Adam Sandler, but he had this infectious charm about him. He

Off Balance Sheet Accounting free essay sample

Operating leasing is the most common form of off balance sheet financing. With leasing, on the one hand, an entity could acquire the right to use an asset through a rental agreement. On the other hand, the entity could purchase the same asset using external finance. While the two arrangements may result in identical net cash flows to the entity, in the case of a purchase both the asset and the associated financing obligation appear on the entity’s balance sheet whereas in the formal scenario rental payments are accounted for as a period expense, with the asset corresponding liability omitted from the entity’s balance sheet.Entities used Special Purpose Entities (SPE), are also known as Variable Interest Entities (VIE) for off balance sheet treatment of deals. SPE or VIE is a corporation or partnership formed for the purpose of borrowing money to buy financial assets. Debts are move to a newly created company (SPE OR VIE) specifically to make a company look like it has far less debt than it actually does, which was the case with Enron. For example, a company needs to finance a business venture but doesn’t want to take on the risk, or when there is too much debt to get a loan.By starting a new SPE, they can secure a loan through the new entity. There are situations where it makes sense to start a SPE. If a company wants to branch out into another area outside of its core business, a SPE will keep that risk from affecting the main balance sheet and profitability of the company. The main factor that companies are doing off balance sheet accounting is to provide a better looking balance sheet with lower reported debt to equity ratio, which usually results in driving their stock price higher. Nevertheless, omission of the asset could help to inflate return on assets. This may make the firms look more creditworthy. For instance, by having operating leases, debt does not appear; thus, reducing financial leverage with an increase in operating leverage. By having lower leverage ratio or higher operating leverage, it could attract more investments from investors; therefore, it drives up the stock prices. Next, off balance sheet accounting allows the firms to receive benefits of the interest deduction for tax purposes while avoiding the obligation and the interest expense on its financial statements.In other words, firms with off balance sheet financing are likely to have tax interest expense that exceeds financial reporting interest expense. However, off balance sheet accounting has brought some impacts toward the stakeholders. Off balance sheet accounting removes the transparency from investors, markets and regulators. Firms use financial engineering to make their balance sheet appear that they are better capitalized and less risky than they really are. Without transparency, investors and regulators can no longer accurately assess risks.This is because investors and regulators use the balance sheet as an anchor in their assessment of risk. The shareholders could only guess at the extent of the firm’s exposure risks. This affects the judgment of stakeholders; and, it could bring tremendous loss to the stakeholders when the firms collapse. The Enron accounting fraud will best illustrate this. In order to overcome this issue, regulators have established several methods through Sarbanes-Oxley Act, MDamp;A as well as new rules on leasing. The Securities and Exchange Commission issues final rules implementing Section 401(a) of the Act relating to the disclosure of off balance sheet arrangement, contractual obligation and contingent liabilities. These rules require disclosure of off balance sheet arrangement that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a current or future effect on a company’s condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to investors.The disclosure includes elements such as the nature and business purposes to the company of the off balance sheet arrangement and the importance to the reporting company of the liquidity, capital resources, market risk support, credit risk support or other benefits provided by the arrangement. Nonetheless, firms are to disclose the amounts of revenues, expenses and cash flows of the company arising from the arrangements as well as the nature and amounts of interest retained, securities issued and other debt incurred by the company in connection with the arrangements.The rules also require public companies to disclose in a tabular format in their MDamp;A the amounts of payments due under specified contractual obligations, aggregated by category of contractual obligation. The five categories of contractual obligations, consisting of long term debt obligations, capital lease obligations, operating lease obligations, purchase obligations and other long term debt liabilities reflected on the company’s balance sheet. The table must disclose what portion of payments under these obligations is due within less than one year, from one to three years, from three to five years and more than five years. To encourage the disclosure on off balance sheet arrangement, the amended rules include a safe harbor that applies the existing statutory safe harbors protecting forward-looking information required by the rules. With regard to the disclosure of off balance sheet arrangements, the safe harbor provision indicates that the meaningful cautionary statements element of the statutory safe harbor will be satisfied if the company satisfies all the requirements of the amended rules relating to off balance sheet disclosures.As mentioned above, operating leases can be exploited by entities for off-balance sheet financing – using an operating lease to obtain assets, thereby not increasing leverage and not decreasing return on assets. The proposed new standard on leases by the joint project of FASB and IASB, currently under development, moves away from the current â€Å"risk and returns† basis to a â€Å"right of use basis†. The lessee and the lessor will recognize assets and liabilities individually for all rights and obligations arising from a lease contract.There will no longer be separate treatments for operating and finance leases – all leases will be accounted for on the same basis. In short, operating leasing contract is no longer available and only finance leasing will be used for accounting in the near future. In short, off balance sheet accounting could be use but only with appropriate disclosures are done. By having the disclosures, balance sheet is more transparent to the stakeholders; and, the stakeholders do not need to have a wild guess on the risk of a company. Stakeholders’ investments are said to be more secured.

The Indian Agriculture Sector

Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy. It accounts for nearly 20 percent of the aggregate output. To be specific, nearly half of the population depends on agriculture for their livelihood (Government of India, 2010, p. 6). Contribution of the agricultural sector to the economy is declining, however other sectors thrive.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Indian Agriculture Sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, approximately 45 percent of the total output was obtained from the agricultural sector in the early 70s,. The figure has dropped to less than 20 percent in the last decade. Nonetheless, agriculture still remains a significant source of employment for many Indians. It provides jobs to over half of the country’s population (Government of India, 2010, p. 12). The dwindling agricultural production has led to a decrease in agricultural exports and an increase in agricultural import s. The ratio of agricultural exports to the total exports dropped to 10 percent in 2010 compared to 20 percent in the early ’90s. On the other hand, the ratio of agricultural imports to the aggregate imports grew by approximately 6.6 percent in the last three decades (Government of India, 2010, p. 13). The decrease in agricultural production and the increase in agricultural imports have been a cause of major concern. Hot debates didn’t provide any solution to the problem, as well as small reforms. situation deteriorated which led to introduction of the next five-year plan. As a result, the government came up with a five-year plan, which solely targets the agricultural sector. The five-year plan is aimed at reversing the disturbing trend in the sector. The five-year plan puts emphasis on the country’s self-sufficiency and self-reliance in the food production (Vaidyanathan, 2010, p. 9; Government of India, 2013, p. 5). This paper explores the impact of the 11th fi ve-year plan on India’s agricultural sector, particularly in promoting local food production and economy stability. 11TH  Five Year Plans (2007-2011) As the country’s population keeps growing, the nation needed to enhance its food production to take care of the ever-increasing demand. Given the significance of the agricultural sector to the economy, the government introduced the 11th five-year plan to provide support and incentives to farmers and other stakeholders in order to enhance production of food (Government of India, 2013, p. 5).Advertising Looking for essay on agriculture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are four principal elements of this policy. The first element is enhancement of viability of agricultural operations by increasing market access, availing insurance cover, and monitoring agricultural commodity prices (IBEF, 2013, p. 7). The second element is provision of suitable technologies thr ough research and training. The third element is increase of budgetary allocation for agriculture and its infrastructure so as to improve efficient use of natural resources and of agricultural commodity markets functioning. Last but not least is provision of better delivery of services, for instance, loans to farmers, veterinary services and general farm inputs. In a nutshell, the 11th five-year plan was aimed at increasing food production by providing special programs and building agricultural infrastructure (IBEF, 2013, p. 7). The Impact of the 11th Five-Year Plan on the economy and local food production Figure 1 below shows India’s GDP growth rate over the last ten years. It is clear that between 1997 and 2007 the real agricultural output was decreasing, whereas the non-agricultural output was increasing. The ratio of agricultural GDP to the total GDP was very low during that period. This forced the government to reconsider its policy on food production, hence to introduce the 11th five-year plan (Central Statistics Office, 2011, p. 44). The 11th five-year program introduced the National Food Security Mission (NFSM), which significantly increased production of cereals in the country. The principal goal of the National Food Security Mission was to establish scientific elements which incorporate mechanization, soil supplements and crop security measures (Government of India, 2013, p. 6). The 11th five-year plan helped to attain 3.2 percent agricultural GDP growth. Even though the figure was below the projected value of 4 percent, it was significantly better than the figures under the previous policies (Central Statistics Office, 2011, p. 45). Figure 1: Agriculture and Non-Agriculture GDP Growth Rate in India in the Last DecadeAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Indian Agriculture Sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Source: (Central Statistics Office, 2011) Before the introduc tion of the 11th five-year plan, the share of acreage of agricultural lands decreased by approximately 20 million hectares. Similarly, the area under food grains shrank by 10 percent. The lowest production was recorded in 2008. However, the introduction of new technologies under the 11th five-year plan led to 80 percent increase in acreage of agricultural lands. The production of rice, wheat and maize increased significantly, followed by pulses on the second place. Under the 11th five-year plan, food grain output increased by 2.3 percent (Central Statistics Office, 2011, p. 45). Generally, Indian agribusiness is characterized by diminutive and divided area holdings. There are around 130 million active holdings in the country. On average, each active holding possesses approximately 1.2 hectares. Less than 1 percent own more than 10 hectares (Sharma, 2011, p. 6). Before the introduction of the 11th five-year plan, the overall productivity among the smallholder producers was exceedingl y low. Their participation in the market was poor because of such reasons as high transaction costs, low yields, inadequate information and small market consumption. In addition, increased land fragmentation led to big losses on farmlands. As a result, many farmers opted to lease their lands or seek gainful employment outside the agricultural sector (IBEF, 2013, p. 5). The introduction of the 11th five-year plan brought some positive results. The 11th five-year plan supported the formation of cooperatives and self-help groups. The cooperatives and self-help groups not only helped farmers to access credit facilities, but also to market their products. The government increased access to loan facilities by providing interest-free loans and subsidized inputs.Advertising Looking for essay on agriculture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For this reason, many Indians went back to farming (IBEF, 2013, p. 6). By the end of 2012, cultivation areas had increased by 8 million hectares. The government also introduced other support programs through the 11th five-year plan, such as water for canal irrigation, power for groundwater pumping, retention price subsidy scheme for fertilizers, and access to the international market (IBEF, 2013, p. 7). According to the IBEF (2013, p. 7), the main objective of the 11th five-year plan was to increase the production of food grains by 20 million tons. The government allocated roughly 900 million U.S. dollars for the project. There are four main achievements of the 11th five-year plan for the first year according to the National Food Security Mission (NFSM). The first achievement was a 70 million tons to over 90 million tons increase of wheat production. The second achievement was a 90 million tons to over 110 million tons increase of rice production. The third achievement was an 80 mil lion tons to over 100 million tons increase of maize production. And the last was a 13 million tons to over 15 million tons increase of pulse production (IBEF, 2013, p. 7). Figure 2 below highlights the growth rate of land, labor and capital output based on the agricultural GDP index. Even though the productivity growth rate in the agricultural sector has always been low, averaging 2 percent per year, during the 11th five-year plan it reached 5 percent. This was the highest figure recorded in the country’s history. The closest was 3 percent, which was recorded in 1981. As a matter of fact, the Commission of Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) estimated the growth rate of real wages in the agricultural sector at 8 percent per annum during the period (Government of India, 2013, p. 9). Figure 2: Growth Rate of Land, Labor and Capital Output Source: (Government of India, 2013, p. 9) The introduction of the scientific elements, for instance, labor saving mechanization led to the rapid increase of private investment in the agricultural sector. This is attributed to the country’s rigid labor laws and the ever-increasing wages (Shiva, 2013, p. 2). Although mechanization helped farmers to deal with labor challenges, it caused a sharp decline in capital productivity. Even though moderated by gains from trade deals and debt cancellation, long-term investment in the agricultural sector may be unsustainable due to deteriorating capital productivity (Shiva, 2013, p. 3). The 12th five-year plan (2012-2017), which is basically a continuation of the 11th five-year plan also emphasizes increase of food grains production. The two plans (11th and 12th five-year plans) recognize the fact that self-sufficiency in food production can only be attained by increasing the production of staple foods. In India, food security is inextricably linked to food grains. Therefore, the debates on food shortages are concentrated on rice, wheat, maize and pulses (Sharma Dinesh, 201 1, p. 30). 12th five-year plan is also expected to produce high results and solve a lot of food problems in India. The 11th five-year plan helped substantially to make India a food sufficient country, despite the rapid growth of population. In other words, India is currently food secure due to the 11th five-year plan (IBEF, 2013, p. 9). Conclusion Agriculture in India is both a source of food and livelihood. In addition, the sector is very important to the country’s economy. However, the period between 1997 and 2007 was characterized by low agricultural productivity and high levels of food shortage. This forced the Indian government to spend a large amount of money on food import. On the other hand, the ratio of agricultural imports to the aggregate imports grew by approximately 6.6 percent in the last three decades regardless of the initiated key reforms in the agricultural sector. However, the reform programs were ineffective. This led to the introduction of the 11th five-y ear plan, which was aimed at making India a food-secure country through the production of food grains. The plan significantly helped reverse the situation. As a matter of fact, the 12th five-year plan, which runs up to 2017, is just a continuation of the 11th five-year plan. The 12th five-year plan also aims at increasing the production of food grains, which are staples in India. References Central Statistics Office 2011, Revised Estimates of Annual National Income 2010-11 and Quarterly Estimates of Gross Domestic Product, 2010-11, Central Statistics Office, New Delhi. Government of India 2010, Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2010. Web. Government of India 2013, Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-2017): Economic Sectors, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, New Delhi. IBEF 2013, The Indian Agriculture Sector: Investments, Growth and Prospects, India Brand Equity Foundation, New Delhi. Sharma, VP Dinesh, J 2011, High Value Agriculture in India: past Trends and Future P rospects. Web. Sharma, VP 2011, India’s Agricultural Development under the New Economic Regime: Policy Perspective and Strategy for the 12th Five Year Plan, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. Shiva, V 2013, Agricultural Sector in India. Web. Vaidyanathan, A 2010, Agriculture Growth in India: Role of Technology, Incentives and  Institutions, Oxford University Press, New York. 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